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Agricultural pesticide usage in Canadian and US regions of the Great Lakes Basin is monitored by agricultural agencies. Total amounts used for the US Great Lakes states and the province of Ontario as well as the amount used within the Great Lakes watershed have been calculated from county usage data for 1988 and 1993. Ontario use data were obtained from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (Moxley, 1989). The US data were obtained from Resources for the Future, Washington D.C. The pesticide data were organized in a database on a county basis and the quantity [kg] of pesticides used was normalized on a county areal basis (kg/ha).
Of the pesticides used within the political boundaries of the Great Lakes Basin, 40% of the total quantity would be considered chemicals of concern by one or more government agencies. Eight percent of the total quantity of pesticides used in the US states and the province of Ontario (7,281,594 kg) is used within the Basin. For example, 3,303,972 kg/ha of atrazine, a herbicide, were applied to fieldcrops. Atrazine is suggested to be a human carcinogen (USEPA, 1994) as well as an endocrine disruptor. The estimate of the Great Lakes Basin usage was determined by correcting for the area of each county included within the watershed. Pesticides of concern are used extensively in fieldcrop production in and adjacent to the Great Lakes Basin. Impacts are experienced in the lower lakes and tributaries. Schottler and Eisenreich (1994) have reported concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor throughout the Great Lakes with very low concentrations of atrazine (3 ng/L) observed in Lake Superior and the highest concentrations observed in Lakes Erie (84 ng/L) and Ontario (97 ng/L).
Environment Canada's surveillance programs in the Great Lakes (L'italien and Struger, 1995) and the inter-connecting channels as well as Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy's drinking water surveillance program and reported observations for tributaries on the US side of Lake Erie (Richards and Baker, 1993) have observed similar or higher concentrations in the Lake Erie basin. The locations with the highest concentrations of atrazine in surface water are adjacent to areas with high rates of atrazine application.
In Ontario, 1,209,064 kgs of chemicals of concern or approximately 20% of the total used in Ontario are used within the Basin for fieldcrop production. If, as studies suggest 0.5 to 5% of field applied pesticides find their way into surface waters, then approximately 6,045 to 60,453 kg/yr of chemicals of concern find their way into surface waters within the Great Lakes Basin from Ontario fieldcrop production. Municipal and industrial loading estimates for chemicals of concern from known sources are 7,700 kg/yr (MOEE, 1993). Therefore, agricultural non-point sources of chemicals of concern would appear to be at least as significant as point source loadings in the province of Ontario.